SBOM/VEX Deterministic Diff Rules (SP5)

Status: Draft · Date: 2025-12-04 Scope: Define deterministic diff rules and fixtures for SBOM/VEX deltas, ensuring reproducible comparison results and stable hash expectations.

Objectives

Enable deterministic diffing between SBOM/VEX versions.
Define canonical ordering for diff output.
Provide fixtures for validating diff implementations.
Ensure diff results are hash-stable.

Diff Operations

Supported Operations

Operation	Description	Output Format
`component-diff`	Compare component lists between SBOMs	JSON Patch
`vulnerability-diff`	Compare vulnerability lists	JSON Patch
`vex-diff`	Compare VEX statements	JSON Patch
`full-diff`	Complete SBOM/VEX comparison	Combined JSON Patch

JSON Patch Format

Diff output uses RFC 6902 JSON Patch format:

{
  "patch": [
    {
      "op": "add",
      "path": "/components/2",
      "value": {
        "type": "library",
        "name": "new-lib",
        "version": "1.0.0",
        "purl": "pkg:npm/new-lib@1.0.0"
      }
    },
    {
      "op": "remove",
      "path": "/components/0"
    },
    {
      "op": "replace",
      "path": "/components/1/version",
      "value": "2.0.0"
    }
  ],
  "meta": {
    "source": "sbom-v1.json",
    "target": "sbom-v2.json",
    "sourceHash": "b3:...",
    "targetHash": "b3:...",
    "patchHash": "b3:...",
    "timestamp": "2025-12-04T00:00:00Z"
  }
}

Determinism Rules

Ordering

Operations: remove first (descending path order), then replace, then add
Paths: Lexicographic sort within operation type
Array indices: Stable indices based on sort keys (purl for components, id for vulns)

Canonical Comparison

When comparing elements for diff:

Element Type	Sort Keys	Tie Breakers
Component	`purl`	`name`, `version`
Vulnerability	`id`	`source.name`, `ratings[0].score`
VEX Statement	`vulnerability`	`products[0].purl`, `timestamp`
Service	`name`	`version`
Property	`name`	-

Hash Computation

Diff output hash computed as:

Serialize patch array to canonical JSON (sorted keys, no whitespace)
Compute BLAKE3-256 over UTF-8 bytes
Record in meta.patchHash

Component Diff

Input

// sbom-v1.json
{
  "components": [
    {"name": "lib-a", "version": "1.0.0", "purl": "pkg:npm/lib-a@1.0.0"},
    {"name": "lib-b", "version": "1.0.0", "purl": "pkg:npm/lib-b@1.0.0"}
  ]
}

// sbom-v2.json
{
  "components": [
    {"name": "lib-a", "version": "1.0.1", "purl": "pkg:npm/lib-a@1.0.1"},
    {"name": "lib-c", "version": "1.0.0", "purl": "pkg:npm/lib-c@1.0.0"}
  ]
}

Output

{
  "patch": [
    {
      "op": "remove",
      "path": "/components/1",
      "comment": "removed pkg:npm/lib-b@1.0.0"
    },
    {
      "op": "replace",
      "path": "/components/0/version",
      "value": "1.0.1",
      "comment": "upgraded pkg:npm/lib-a@1.0.0 -> 1.0.1"
    },
    {
      "op": "replace",
      "path": "/components/0/purl",
      "value": "pkg:npm/lib-a@1.0.1"
    },
    {
      "op": "add",
      "path": "/components/1",
      "value": {"name": "lib-c", "version": "1.0.0", "purl": "pkg:npm/lib-c@1.0.0"},
      "comment": "added pkg:npm/lib-c@1.0.0"
    }
  ]
}

Vulnerability Diff

Added/Removed Vulnerabilities

{
  "patch": [
    {
      "op": "add",
      "path": "/vulnerabilities/-",
      "value": {
        "id": "CVE-2025-0002",
        "ratings": [{"method": "CVSSv4", "score": 5.3}]
      },
      "comment": "new vulnerability CVE-2025-0002"
    },
    {
      "op": "remove",
      "path": "/vulnerabilities/0",
      "comment": "resolved CVE-2025-0001"
    }
  ]
}

Rating Changes

{
  "patch": [
    {
      "op": "replace",
      "path": "/vulnerabilities/0/ratings/0/score",
      "value": 9.0,
      "comment": "CVE-2025-0001 score updated 8.5 -> 9.0"
    }
  ]
}

VEX Diff

Statement Status Changes

{
  "patch": [
    {
      "op": "replace",
      "path": "/statements/0/status",
      "value": "not_affected",
      "comment": "CVE-2025-0001 status changed affected -> not_affected"
    },
    {
      "op": "add",
      "path": "/statements/0/justification",
      "value": {
        "category": "vulnerable_code_not_present",
        "details": "Function patched in v2.0.1"
      }
    }
  ]
}

Fixtures

Directory Structure

docs/modules/policy/fixtures/diff-rules/
├── component-diff/
│   ├── input-v1.json
│   ├── input-v2.json
│   ├── expected-diff.json
│   └── hashes.txt
├── vulnerability-diff/
│   ├── input-v1.json
│   ├── input-v2.json
│   ├── expected-diff.json
│   └── hashes.txt
├── vex-diff/
│   ├── input-v1.json
│   ├── input-v2.json
│   ├── expected-diff.json
│   └── hashes.txt
└── full-diff/
    ├── sbom-v1.json
    ├── sbom-v2.json
    ├── expected-diff.json
    └── hashes.txt

Sample Fixture (Component Diff)

// docs/modules/policy/fixtures/diff-rules/component-diff/expected-diff.json
{
  "patch": [
    {"op": "remove", "path": "/components/1"},
    {"op": "replace", "path": "/components/0/version", "value": "1.0.1"},
    {"op": "replace", "path": "/components/0/purl", "value": "pkg:npm/lib-a@1.0.1"},
    {"op": "add", "path": "/components/1", "value": {"name": "lib-c", "version": "1.0.0", "purl": "pkg:npm/lib-c@1.0.0"}}
  ],
  "meta": {
    "sourceHash": "b3:...",
    "targetHash": "b3:...",
    "patchHash": "b3:..."
  }
}

CI Validation

#!/bin/bash
# scripts/policy/validate-diff-fixtures.sh

FIXTURE_DIR="docs/modules/policy/fixtures/diff-rules"

for category in component-diff vulnerability-diff vex-diff full-diff; do
    echo "Validating ${category}..."

    # Run diff
    stellaops-diff \
        --source "${FIXTURE_DIR}/${category}/input-v1.json" \
        --target "${FIXTURE_DIR}/${category}/input-v2.json" \
        --output /tmp/actual-diff.json

    # Compare with expected
    expected_hash=$(grep "expected-diff.json" "${FIXTURE_DIR}/${category}/hashes.txt" | awk '{print $2}')
    actual_hash=$(b3sum /tmp/actual-diff.json | cut -d' ' -f1)

    if [[ "${actual_hash}" != "${expected_hash}" ]]; then
        echo "FAIL: ${category} diff hash mismatch"
        diff <(jq -S . "${FIXTURE_DIR}/${category}/expected-diff.json") <(jq -S . /tmp/actual-diff.json)
        exit 1
    fi

    echo "PASS: ${category}"
done

API Integration

Diff Endpoint

POST /api/v1/sbom/diff
Content-Type: application/json

{
  "source": "<base64-encoded-sbom-v1>",
  "target": "<base64-encoded-sbom-v2>",
  "options": {
    "includeComments": true,
    "format": "json-patch"
  }
}

Response

{
  "diff": {
    "patch": [...],
    "meta": {
      "sourceHash": "b3:...",
      "targetHash": "b3:...",
      "patchHash": "b3:...",
      "componentChanges": {
        "added": 1,
        "removed": 1,
        "modified": 1
      },
      "vulnerabilityChanges": {
        "added": 0,
        "removed": 1,
        "modified": 0
      }
    }
  }
}